Economics Of The Gold Standard Debate - 963 Words

Economics of Globalization September 18, 2015 Sydnee Lyman The Gold Standard Debate Beginning in 1870, each nation converted their national currencies to their relative worth in gold. This was called the Gold Standard and it has brought up many arguments between politicians, businessmen, and organizations with prominent economists on whether or not to return to it. Although there are multiple reasons why America should not return, there are also many resurfaced ideas that would make it very profitable for us to do so. The United States abandoned the gold standard to finance WWI. Shortly after the war was the beginning of the Great Depression. The Gold Standard constrained governments from helping the financial system and the economy during this time. The reason we abandoned the Gold Standard was because of the crisis our country and many others were in. The Gold Standard began in 1870 in Britain, which ironically was the first country to go off of it in 1931. The United Stated adopted this policy in 1913, this guaranteed the amount of paper money you had could be re turned to the government for the amount it is worth in gold. This made paper money actually worth something to citizens living in nations where they were unsure of the value. When gold deposits were mined, the value of currency dropped. In America, printing money was the cause of hyperinflation. During WWI, many countries abandoned the Gold Standard to finance the war then returned shortly after. Then in 1929,Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the 1920s1642 Words   |  7 PagesAlmost all of the countries involved in the conflict were obliged to reduce the gold content in their coins with reference to the period before the conflict. The exceptions were the United States, which returned to the Gold Standard in June of 1919 and England, which returned to the Gold Standard in April of 1925. While the U.S. took the post –war position as the world s largest creditor and entered a period of unprecedented prosperity, England faced major financial difficulties, with a decisionRead Mor eThe Effects Of Currency And Commodity On The Economy1367 Words   |  6 PagesAs mentioned previously, the United States abandoned the gold standard and switched over to fiat currency. â€Å"The term fiat money is used to describe currency that is used because of a government’s order, or fiat, that the currency must be accepted as means of payment.† (Investopedia) During the gold standard, the countries money was back by gold, however since 1971 when the link between dollar and gold was severed, the dollar’s value has not been backed by a physical commodity. â€Å"The value of fiatRead MoreWilliam Mckinley, A Influential Leader For Making The United States1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfor being a prominent leader for making the United States a better place and changing the life for American people. He is noted for his success in moving the country forward through the tariffs that he had put in place, the establishment of the gold standard, the victory of the Spa nish American war, and importance of foreign policy. William McKinley was born in Niles, Ohio with his dad, William Sr. McKinley, his mom, Nancy McKinley, and 7 siblings. William was enrolled in the Poland Academy. He attendedRead MoreThe Great Depression : A Economic Catastrophe Of All Times1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression has been considered the biggest economic catastrophe of all times, it was a crisis that affected every individual in the United States and it extended to other countries in the globe. The unemployment rate grew from 5 million of people to 13 million from 1929 to 1930. Little kids were put into headwork in order to support their families, it was a period of desperation and starvation that left a mark in American history. So what open the doors to this economic crisis? We will analyze the causesRead MoreAnalyze the Ways in Which Techonology, Government Policy, and Economic Conditions Changed American Agriculture in the Period 1865-1900775 Words   |  4 PagesIn the period 1865-1900, technology, government polic y, and economic conditions all changed American agriculture a great deal. New farming machinery had a large role in the late 19th century, giving farmers the opportunity to produce many more crops than they had ever been able to previously. The railroads had an enormous influence on agriculture. They were able to charge the farmers large fees, expenses that farmers barely had enough to cover, in order to transport their goods throughout the expansiveRead MoreInternational Trade And Domestic Monetary Policy Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagespolicymakers even today. Some policymakers commiserate with purposes of currency manipulation, especially as protection against economic shockwaves and for providing income for upcoming generations when nonrenewable resources are exhausted. Although the unemployment figures have perceivably plunged in recent times, the economic downturn of 2008 has left a trail of economic and social displacement. The United States has already lost millions of jobs due to currency interventions by other countriesRead MoreHow Chinas Currency Manipulation1562 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss How China s Currency Manipulation Has Cost the United States in Jobs and Production China’s currency manipulation by devaluing the yuan degrades our current economic thinking and has heavily impacted the United States resulting in growing trade deficits and job losses. The elimination of currency manipulation could result in millions of new jobs, rebuild the economy, and reduce trade deficits. Although, some economists believe currency manipulation is not at fault for these negative resultsRead MoreDoes United States Need A Central Banking System?1740 Words   |  7 Pageseconomies. Central banks are also responsible for finalizing buying and selling policies, issuing currency notes, influencing political decisions on economic front and stay independent of any external impact in its decision making. These banks should ideally be divested of any sort of commercial interest, and must act in the best interest of its nation’s economic stability. A lot of meaning is carried out in being identified as ‘independent’ authority, where the bank possess powers to take its own decisionsRead MoreThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pagesworld saw rise to globalization. Globalization is process of integration of the world’s views, products, ideas and culture. As more and more countries began to interact and the barriers of global economy were broken, the effects of one country’s economic problems could affect their trade partners and other markets. This would be most noted in the next financial crisis for which hit the U nited States hard in 2008. With the United States alone, the crisis saw the stock market drop, the house marketRead MoreControversy Surrounding Research And Therapeutic Use Of Stem Cell Technology831 Words   |  4 Pagesdisparate views for and against stem cells arise out of the bioethical implications of an inchoate innovation, the general public’s tenuous understanding of the underlying technology itself, and sociopolitical ideologies. Due to the somewhat aged debate, recent revelations and advancements have changed the principle arguments and should be addressed accordingly. In order to understand arguments against the use of stem cell technology in the United States, it is crucial to understand the sociopolitical

Leonardo Da Vinci vs. Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay

Leonardo da Vinci vs. Michelangelo Buonarroti Linda Williams Art 101 Instructor: Anne Olden April 9th, 2012 1. Thesis statement a. Michelangelo’s sculpting of David, the Pieta, as well as his painting of the Creation of Adam on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel was some of his great works that influenced the art of the 16th century; Leonardo da Vince also contributed great works such as; the Last Supper, the Mona Lisa, and the Modonna of the Rocks. 2. David a. Michelangelo was summoned by Piero Soderini, to sculpt the David from marble in Florence in 1501 (David, n.d.). His sculptor was different from previous ones in that he chose the moment before he slays the giant. His head is turned to the side watching the†¦show more content†¦Leonardo used oil and tempera on the wall of plaster. This short cut in color technique was a failure. The work was soon ruined do to moisture soaking into it (Gillet, n.d.). There are many artists who painted the Last Supperl. Leonardo chose the moment that Christ announces that there is a traitor among them for his painting. Leonard o divides the apostles into two groups of three on both sides of Christ. This leaves Christ as the focal point in the picture. He expresses several different convictions seen in the faces of the apostles such as; sorrow, indignation, and denial. The ceiling is in his usual perspective style, it appears to go far beyond the wall it is painted on (Kleiner, 2010). 6. Mona Lisa a. â€Å"Leonardo’s Mona Lisa is probably the world’s most famous portrait† (Kleiner, 2010 p.461 par.1). The subject of this painting may have been wife of Francesco del Giocondo (Hilton, n.d.), a wealthy man from Florence, Itily. Her name was Lisa and Mona means ‘Lady’ (Mona Lisa, 2002). Her smile is rather pleasant with a misty haze in the background. 7. Madonna of the Rocks a. Leonardo’s Madonna of the Rocks was painted in Milan, Italy, with oil on wood. There were three panels, the two side panels were of angels one in green and one in red. These were to be painte d by the de Predis brothers, overseen by da Vinci. The center piece was to be painted by Leonardo alone (National gallery, n.d.). This storyShow MoreRelatedRenaissance Ideals of Humanism Are Expressed in the Italian Art of the Period970 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Italian art of the period, through the works of various artists like the recognizable Leonardo da Vinci who emphasized humanism ideals with his masterpiece of the human body with the Vitruvian man, there was also Michelangelo Buonarroti representing human divinity with his human sculpture of David Botticelli and finally, the impacting artist Raphael. The Italian renaissance artist Leonardo Da Vinci can be recognized as one of the most outstanding artists of the period who, in addition, stronglyRead MoreEssay on Raphael Sanzio Inspired1449 Words   |  6 Pagesand then he would combine them with his own personality to create some of the best works from his era. Raphael Sanzios work of the Italian High Renaissance era is the result of influences and incorporation of techniques of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Pietro Perugino, and Leonardo DaVinci. Raphael Sanzio is most well remembered for his dynamic works from his time. Raphael was born in Urbino in the province of Umbria in 1483. Fortunately for him, his father, Giovani di Santi, was a painter who beganRead MoreRenaissance in Cinquecento Italy 1313 Words   |  6 Pagesfacial expressions, as well as any relevant elements of art and principals of design (see handout from September or Google â€Å"art elements and design principals†). ANDREA DEL VERROCCHIO, David 1465 – 1470 or DONATELLO, David, 1440–1460 VS. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501 – 1504 Interest in humanism and the rebirth of Classical, spur an interest in authentic Roman and Greek sculptures. The revival of nudity in life-size sculpture was initiated by Donatello’s David, and continued through the

Financial Markets Assignment Free Essays

FINANCIAL MARKETS INSTITUTIONS ASSIGNMENT 1. Explain how interest rates decline following major Fed purchases of mortgage-backed securities. The FED implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets of longer maturity, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Markets Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , mortgage-backed securities, from commercial banks and other private institutions in order to inject a pre-determined quantity of money into the economy. This is a means of stimulating the economy and lowering longer-term interest rates further out on the yield curve; quantitative easing increases the excess reserves of the banks, and raises the prices of the financial assets bought, which lowers their yield. Graphically, this can be explained with the aid of Figure below. The supply of money is shifted from point 1 to the right (MS1 to MS2) and, all else equal, the new equilibrium point (with aggregate money demand curve) is at point 2, where the interest rate is lower. i i1 i2 AD1 MS1 MS2 Quantity of Money 2. What could be the implications of lower interest rates for households and businesses? By implanting the policy of purchasing mortgage-backed securities, the FED has set its sight on increasing consumption and investment, which will ultimately increase employment. As described in question one Bernanke’s policy decreased interest rates to new record lows, encouraging borrowing for both businesses and households. The ability to borrow money at more attractive rates stimulates investment in durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, and in operational necessities such as buildings and capital equipment for businesses. Indeed, after the implementation of the policy mortgage applications increased significantly. Because of low interest rates households and businesses as investors could shift their preference away from bonds and into stocks. According to frbsf. org, the increase in stock trading volume has the effect of raising the value of existing stock portfolios, which in turn stimulates consumer and spending across the country due to the psychological effects of rapid capital appreciation. Lower interest rates can have negative effects on the value of the local currency compared to other currencies. As foreign investors dump their local-denominated investments in favor of more profitable currencies, exchange rates can shift to the detriment of the local currency. The weakening of the local currency serves to increase the attractiveness of local goods to foreign purchasers, which has the effect of boosting exports and international sales. All of the factors mentioned above have the combined effect of increasing productive output, or GDP, and increasing employment across a wide range of industries. As individuals, businesses and foreign investors are encouraged to spend more due to increased access to capital, higher portfolio valuations and weaker currency values, businesses in nearly every sector experience an increase in sales, often requiring them to grow their operations and employ additional labor. However, there are some negative implications from this policy. Without a strong commitment to control inflation over the long run, the risk of higher inflation is one potential implication of experiencing real interest rates below the economy’s natural interest rate. Low interest rates provide a powerful incentive to spend rather than save. In the short term, this may not matter much, but over a longer period, low interest rates penalize savers and those who rely heavily on interest income. If short-term interest rates are low relatively to long-term rates, households and firms may overinvest in long-term assets, such as Treasury securities. If interest rates rise unexpectedly, the value of those assets will fall (bond prices and yields move in opposite directions), exposing investors to substantial losses. Finally, low short-term interest rates reduce the profitability of money market funds, which are key providers of short-term credit for many (large) firms, e. g. the commercial paper market. 3. Explain the Fed’s policy dilemma and try to rationalize why unemployment in the US is stubbornly high while inflation is low. Based on the theory of the Philip’s curve diagram we notice that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. Stated simply the lower the unemployment in an economy the higher the rate of inflation. Philip’s Curve Inflation Unemployment The explanation of the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment is based on two assumptions. The first has to do with the fact that as unemployment rises there is no room for workers and labor unions to demand an increase so a wage inflation that would increase the prices of the final products cannot occur. Secondly high unemployment is a reflection of the decline in economic output and indicates an economy’s slowdown. Therefore competition among firms in recession will lead the prices at lower levels. But this is not the case currently in the US since we observe high unemployment and low inflation. The FED is concerned about the unemployment rate and in an effort to stimulate the economy and improve the labor market conditions it started implementing the quantitative easing policy. So the FED purchased MBS, helped banks to rebuilt their balance sheets, contributed into maintaining price stability, preserved interest rates near zero for more than three years, and prevented the economy from slipping into greater recession. Despite all these efforts the situation in the labor market did not improve. Apparently the fact that unemployment is still very high depicts the limitations of the monetary policy. The low business confidence, policy uncertainty, and the government’s reluctance to act are beyond the FED’s capacity. What is more the infinite use of the quantitative easing may produce undesirable effects in the long run such as stagflation. The only optimal solution under these circumstances is the co ordination of the FED’s monetary policy with the government’s fiscal policy plan that could boost the society’s confidence. . Do you think that another round of quantitative easing (QE) by the Fed would help stimulate the US economy? Please explain. The FED declared that the use of QE will be aggressively continued until the economy is improved. The cash injections into the economy helped interest rates to remain at low levels. Consequently everyone wins from this decision in the short run; homeowners can borrow at historical low levels of inter est rate, corporations can also take advantage of this act and invest, consumption increased and also the banks increased their profits and the stocks record a growth. So as long as the QE is active in the short run everyone is a winner. But in the long run things become vague. First of all historical evidence shows that despite the fact that interest rates may be at levels near zero it remains uncertain whether this will be the incentive to boost the actual economy. Secondly the fact that consumers will have more money to spend but fewer goods to buy might lead to a hyper inflation. Furthermore by repeating the use of QE is very possible to lead to a liquidity trap, unless the economy finds ways to stimulate production. Last but not least the FED’s decision to inject cash into the economy by purchasing MBS is questionable; Mortgage backed securities entail the risk of defaulting once again as they did in the real estate crisis and that would cost the Americans a lot more money repeating the history that started back in the September of 2001. To sum up the use of QE is indeed very effective but only in the short run. Short periods of economic recession can be avoided by stimulating the economy temporarily through cash injections but to maintain growth on the real economy we need to improve labor market conditions, productivity, innovation and bolster the economy’s confidence. So a combination of fiscal and monetary policy is the only way to prevent an economy from collapsing, and also is this is the only way to avoid a possible systemic risk that will negatively affect all the institutions and individuals. . How is a loose Fed monetary policy in the US affecting fundamentals (such as inflation, asset and commodity prices) in other countries? What does that imply about global monetary policy? Since the dollar is the vehicle currency in the global economy almost every country is tied to its value and everyone is affected by the monetary decisions of the FED. By the QE, the supply of dollars is increased and consequently the dollar depreciates against foreign currencies. This means that America’s exports will increase and on the contrary the imports will decrease. So countries trading with the US fear about the capital inflows and the possible inflation on commodities. On the other hand the FED support that there can be no further inflation since the global economy is in recession. Moreover countries experiencing huge capital inflows resulting in inflation can implement fiscal policy, such as imposing taxes, in order to contain the effects of foreign capital inflows which push up local stock prices and the currency itself. Every country should focus on its own monetary policy adjusting it to the problems that may experience. For example the US chose to inject more money in the economy. The results of such a decision are low interest rates, more exports but always with the risk of inflation. On the other hand a country experiencing high inflation might limit the money supply, increasing the interest rates with the risk of experiencing a decline in exports. How to cite Financial Markets Assignment, Essay examples

Customer Retention in Hospitality Industry CRM

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Retention in Hospitality Industryfor CRM. Answer: Research Methodology Introduction The research purpose is for evaluating the usage of the CRM (Customer retention management) strategies in the sector of hospitality industry. Execution and CRM theory suggests the strategies of customer retention have increasingly become more significant over past ten years. As per Kotler (2008), it has some focus on the client retention but changed recently focused has happened and Strategies of Customer Retention have introduced for instance, Loyalty programs, Marketing of customer relationship, etc. In this way the specialist utilized an exploratory research approach in stage two. This approach is utilized to explore a point or an issue keeping in mind the end goal to build up an understanding to the basic way of the subject. This is important to the examination procedure as the scientist's goal is to inspect the exploration subject from an interior point of view and furthermore an outside viewpoint. For stage two the specialist utilized a blended mode look into process, this was utilized as a part of request to additionally investigate the exploration theme. Motivation The experience of the researcher in the interest of the customer retention and hospitality industry is the motivation for the study of the research. These are the factors that have made the researcher known for the required effort for building the loyalty towards customer. Descriptive research enables the analyst to recognize different answers identified with the examination subject. It enables the specialist to be elucidating while giving conclusions on the understudy. (Nunes, 2006) The scientist felt that and in addition elucidating the examination procedure would be more effective on the off chance that it additionally adopted an exploratory strategy. Research Questions The aim of this study is for examining the efforts that the hotels are using for retaining the existing clients in present scenario of economic crisis. Over the previous decade business' have started to concentrate more on keeping clients as opposed to simply increasing new ones. Organizations have adjusted to the reasoning that if organizations keep their clients, construct connections and loyalty towards customers then these clients will turn out to be more productive than a consistent stir of new clients. Therefore, below are some of the primary questions that are based on the research and are examined in this research paper: Retention strategies that are implemented currently in the hotel industry Recent modifications that are done in these strategies because of the present economic climate In external initiatives involvement is there External initiatives and measurement of the CRM Research Philosophy As per Creswell (2003), paradigm also called as philosophies of the research, is the suspicion that the scientist will start the exploration procedure with, in connection to what they will realize and how they will master amid the request procedure. This methodologies has a few assumptions, for example, "the implications are built by individuals as they take part in the social setting that they are deciphering", "people draw in with world and make sentiments in light of their own social points of view, the analysts look to get a comprehension of the setting of members and to make a translation the scientist makes this in light of their own social viewpoints", and " the specialist procedure has a tendency to be an era of importance which is social in nature and emerging from connection in groups". Research Design The research aim that is exploratory is for searching or exploring through the situation or issue for giving understanding and insights. Descriptive research is the research that is going to describe the functions or characteristics of the market and includes structured and pre-planned design that is used normally for making specific predictions. The exploratory research results are tentative and followed normally in future research. With the help of the approaches of mixed method research permits researcher for developing the triangulation on topic of research. (Malhotra, 2007) This triangulation is the significant element in research procedure and offers researcher the in-depth and flexible approach in process of research. (Kenningham, 2001) Collection of Data Primarily the review of intensive and relevant literature was carried out for recognizing the relevant secondary information or data that will guided the methods used in primary collection of data. In this research, firstly the descriptive research and then the second that is exploratory research were finished. The phase one was concluded by the descriptive research for collection of primary data and was carried out to destination audiences by administering of surveys. Initially researchers though to use qualitative approach with the help of in-depth interviews but because of time constraint the researcher uses the option that will make sure having high rate of the response. Secondly, the exploratory research is carried out method of mixed mode. Phase One: Survey Target audience They are the population from hotel sector and list was created which contains best hotels such as Hilton, Marriott. Sampling Each hotel is considered for sampling and the frame of sampling is the census sample. The nature is method of non-destructive method. (Malhotra, 2007) Design of survey Saunders (2009) highlights the significance of the questionnaires that are well designed and requires for collecting the data that is precise and needed for answering the research aims. The design of the structure using structured questions that pre-specify the response set format and alternatives. The formats of the questions were very nominal that uses class percentages and numbers to indentify. Likert and comparative scales were utilized with the help of rank orders. In survey dichotomous questions were used. This dichotomous questions is the question structure which contains only two alternatives of the response like no and yes. The study experienced various modifications before being sent to respondents to guarantee the effective gathering of vital information. Overviews were managed by means of mail to the evaluation populace. The overviews were gone with stamped tended to envelopes keeping in mind the end goal to expand reaction rate. Reviews were too joined by an introductory letter enumerating the motivation behind the examination and furthermore to guarantee that the examination would be led in a ethical way. Phase Two Research Mixed Mode This phase is based on exploratory phase and uses research method for mixed mode. The sample that was provided to the users contains participation options with the appropriate location and time that is suitable with respondent. This method improves the response rate as it suits the respondents. Thus, some academic needs and limited time ensure the researchers that this is suitable method for data collection phase two process. Target audience The audience in this phase are the survey respondent and expert of marketing in CRM area in hospitality sector. Sampling frame - This uses process of judgement sampling from the respondents from various experts on marketing, members from different institutions and administered surveys. In this phase, judgement sampling was used appropriately. For ensuring, research process in this phase answer the aims of research, objectives and aims were considered in-depth against survey responses and literature review. This created the broad considerations and concepts into primary questions, which used as template for exploratory research. These subject sheets were controlled to the respondents through email alongside an introductory letter. Respondents were provided with the topic sheets with an introductory letter clarifying the examination. The subject sheet likewise incorporated a starting section and finished with a footnote guaranteeing respondents that every single finished questionnaire would get treated with certainty. The topic sheets contained eleven qualitative questions that belongs to open-ended that respondents replied in their particular words and respondents explained as required in request to give the scientist an inside and out view into the area of the topic. Data Analysis and Measurement Techniques The information that was collected from phase one was complied by using excel document and then researcher finished analysis of the outcomes and use tables and graphs for illustrating and representing the outcomes accordingly. The information that was collected from the phase two was collated on the Microsoft word file and then opinions were analyzed of respondents and finally highlight in responses the prevalent themes. Ethical Consideration As per Saunders (2003), ethics in research context demote to behaviour appropriateness in relation to rights those become subject or affected by the work Thus, it was essential for considering the ethical problems throughout research period and always remain sensitive towards impact on work on the defined subjects who approached for taking part in the given research. In starting research phases, gaining consent and clarifying the question related to research, ethical consideration provided to design of analysis of the results, data processing, data storage, collection of data, information that is confidential and questionnaire used in research. Conclusion In this research it is felt that methods that was adopted by the research would answer the questions belong to research, achieve the objectives, addresses all the important ethical problems and make sure that the research is valid and very reliable. In this chapter, major methodology, methods used for development of the research from the previous literature review are introduced. References Kotler P., Armstrong G., Wong V. Saunders J. (2008), Principles of Marketing (Pgs 384-387) Nunes, J. C., Xavier D. (2006), Your Loyalty Program Is Betraying You, Harvard Business Review, 84 (4),12431. Creswell (2003) Research Design P6 Malhotra N.K., Peterson M. (2006), Basic Marketing Research: A decision making approach Kenningham T.L. Varva T.G. (2001).The Customer Delight Principle: exceeding customers expectations. P78 Saunder M., Lewis P. Thornhill A., (2009), Research Method for Business