Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers

Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers Melissa Sadaka The aftermath of several political, legal, and historical events has led to the negative representations and tensions towards Islam and its practices in Western society. These depictions have impacted Muslim women who wear the hijab as they are religiously identifiable (Hyder, Parrington, Hussain, 2015). It is evident in the literature and media that discrimination towards the hijab continues to remain a social problem in the West. Discrimination is the mistreatment of an individual due to their race status or background (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2015). Not only does it result in a marginalised society, discrimination is ideologically offensive and negatively effects the individual and society as whole. As demonstrated in the literature, the hijab is discriminated against due the misinterpreted views, held by non-Muslims, that the women who wear it are oppressed and associated with terrorism (Al Wazni, 2015,). These views have proved to negatively affect the daily experie nces and identity of Muslim women as they face difficulties and acts of discrimination in settings such as school, work and the public. Social work essentially aims to focus on and draw attention to discriminatory beliefs and customs that lead to both poor public principles and mental health (Hosken, 2013). It mandatory for all social workers to participate in socially and racially proficient education and advocacy that encourages diversity while concurrently reducing fear and doubt (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2010) . As an occupation and discipline, social work has come to accept the responsibility of tackling and eliminating discrimination in the lives of individuals it assists through both direct and indirect methods (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009). The current paper will analyse and critique the role of social work and its function in responding to discrimination towards Muslim women particularly in Australia. Recent and alternate social work approaches such as policy, education, research and practice in response to the social problem will also be identified. Social workers recognise the power of diversity as it is competent in characterising and shaping the human experience and is significant to the development of identity. All individuals have basic and fundamental human rights despite their position in society. Securing and ensuring that these rights are protected and believing in the value of the individual are important responsibilities in social work today (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009) Historically, social work has been criticised due its previous practices in failing to respond to present circumstances and endorsing the standards of a white middle class society(Matsuoka Thompson). Present approaches for social workers mandates them to understand the power of diversity and harness it in order to build a better human society and experience. It is a social workers responsibility to uphold any human beings right and their values and to eradicate discrimination under any basis (Ressler Hodge). The Code of ethics of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW, 2010) provides a set of ethical principle and standards to govern social work behavior in relation to discrimination. The organizations Code of Ethics in Australia includes the principle that social workers should challenge social injustice-focusing primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other manifestations-and that their activities should promote sensitivity to and knowledge a bout oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Further, the Code states, social workers should strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision-making for all people. (AASW, 2010, p.17). A Muslim woman in Australia who has experienced a form of discrimination has access to a range of services and programs that can assist her. The Department of Social Services (DSS), the main source of accessing social policies in Australia, is designed to support and enhance the lives of Australians (2015). The DSS promotes a Multicultural Australia and can provide those who have been discriminated against with multiple resources and support services. The DSS can assist A Muslim woman who has been discriminated against by providing her with information and referrals to programs and policies. The DSS will provide her with information on current Australian anti-discrimination laws and provide her with the option of submitting a complaint to the Australia human rights commission who will then further deliver additional assistance. The Department of human services (DHS) is the main source of access to health, payment and social support for Australians and includes a team of social worker s that can also assist those who use their service (2015). Ghumman and Ryan (2013) study determined that wearing a Hijab amplified both formal and informal discrimination when applying for work. In this example[MS1], a Muslim woman who is using DHS services can contact a DHS social worker for further support if she feels that her hijab is effecting her chances in gaining a full-time job. The DHS social work services can deliver short term counselling, referrals to a range of services and support information. Overall, to sustain both professionalism and diversity in social work it is required to understand basic human rights and reasonable practices to assist victims of discrimination. Their voices should be heard and necessary support should be provided as with every human being. The discrimination towards people based on what they wear and what religion they practice will be ongoing as the current generation and society is poisoned by the narrow thoughts and vague ideas generated from power sources such a media and politics. An individuals choice to wear a garment that represents their faith should be respected within the social work profession. Though Australia is multicultural and embraces diversity and tolerance, discrimination towards the hijab remains existent. Social workers need to be able to demonstrate an understanding of cultural and religious customs, such as the hijab, to establish a justified and enhanced interaction with clients. Social workers should challenge social inju stice by embracing diversity through advocacy. Muslim women who wear the hijab should be viewed as positive assets to work with and learn from. References Al Wazni, A. B. (2015). Muslim Women in America and Hijab: A Study of Empowerment, Feminist Identity, and Body Image. Social Work, 60(4), 325-333. doi:10.1093/sw/swv033 Australian Association of Social Workers. (2010). Code of Ethics AASW. Retrieved March 6, 2017, from https://www.aasw.asn.au/practitioner-resources/code-of-ethics Australian Human Rights Commission. (2015). Complaint information. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/WEB_Info_making_unlawful_discrimination.pdf Department of Human Services. (2017). Social work services Australian Government Department of Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/social-work-services Department Social Services. (2015). What We Do | Department of Social Services, Australian Government. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/overview/what-we-do Ghumman, S., Ryan, A. M. (2013). Not welcome here: Discrimination towards women who wear the Muslim headscarf. Human Relations, 66(5), 671-698. doi:10.1177/0018726712469540 Graham, J. R., Bradshaw, C., Trew, J. L. (2009). Adapting Social Work in Working with Muslim Clients. Social Work Education, 28(5), 544-561. doi:10.1080/02615470802400729 Hosken, N. (2013). Social work supervision and discrimination. Advances in Social Work and Welfare Education, 15(1), 92-104. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=479428906488362;res=IELHSS Hyder, N., Parrington, C. A., Hussain, P. (2015). Experiences of Hijabi Women: Finding a Way Through the Looking Glass for Muslim Americans. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35, 172-177. Retrieved from http://advancingwomen.com/awl/awl_wordpress/ Matsuoka, A. K., Thompson, A. (2009). Combating Stigma and Discrimination Among Social Work Students. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 28(2), 95-98. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2009-0025 Ressler, L. E., Hodge, D. R. (2006). Religious Discrimination in Social Work. Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 24(4), 55-74. doi:10.1300/j377v24n04_05 [MS1]Not too sure if I should us this and dont know what else to use Dr Nawal El Saadawi: Memoirs of a Woman Doctor Dr Nawal El Saadawi: Memoirs of a Woman Doctor Since my childhood, I have always dreamt of producing a film or writing a book about gender inequity in the Middle Eastern society. So that I could be able to accomplish this goal, I have to obtain the adequate experience in order to hold a certificate from one of the prestigious universities in Qatar. As a matter of fact, I have the desire towards achieving my goals and proving my skills but my society, with all its restrictions and limitations, doesnt give me the chance to do so. Because I live in a Qatari society, I have to be committed to certain traditions and customs which dont provide me with the opportunity to become a decent educated woman in a community where men only have the power to dominate. Therefore, when I think about the difference between men and women and why people differentiate and discriminate between people based on their gender, I find myself attracted towards reading books about feminism in order to, at least, feel that other women suffer from what I feel and that they will do whatever it takes to gain their lost rights. Through reading these books, I have the chance to know more about the meaning of feminism as well as figuring out more about women who have experienced conflicts with their families since their childhood only because they were born as girls not boys. Therefore, I encouraged myself to read a book called Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book was written by an Egyptian female writer named Dr. Nawal El Saadawi. In fact, this book had had an impact on my life to the extent that it contributed in changing my thoughts and my ideas as well as my view towards different things. A year ago, I read this book and for the first time I felt like I have the p ower to accomplish my objectives and live a normal equal life like any other man in the whole world. Regarding the book of Memoirs of a woman doctor, it talks about a young girl who used to live in a traditional Egyptian family. Unfortunately, the family of this little young girl undervalued her skills and underestimated her talents because she wasnt a boy. Dr. Nawal wanted to attract my attention and the attention of the rest of readers towards the fact that the point of view of this family towards its daughter reflects the point of view of the whole Egyptian and Arab society towards women in general. Being brought up as a girl in such family, this woman had to face all kinds of discrimination and injustice. In other words, her family used to prefer her brother over her despite the fact that she was an amazing student at school and she was more intelligent than him. This definitely has led to many bad effects on her view towards herself. She started to feel that she was born with a disability and that there was something wrong about her. She began to hate herself, her body and ever ything that used to surround womens life. However, she didnt surrender to this cruel reality. Luckily, her family allowed her to continue her studies and she managed to enroll in one of the universities in the faculty of Medicine. After graduation, she turned to become an excellent doctor. Being a doctor provided this woman with the opportunity to start loving herself again. She felt that she had achieved one of her goals and that pushed her forward towards accomplishing more and more in her life. In addition, she started to figure out that discrimination and inequality between men and women is a result of a complicated backward point of view of a society towards women. Moreover, she began to know the fact that other women can do whatever they need if they had the desire and the inner power. Women also have all the chances to accomplish their dreams if they only tried to do so. Thats why the main character in that book believed in biological science as a field of study since studying medicine allowed her to have faith in justice and in breaking all the complicated rules she was forced to follow. On the other side, this book allowed me to believe in myself and my abilities. In other words, I started becoming more self-confidence in addition to being willing to overcome my fears. I also began to become more patient as I learned that life cant be easy all the time and that I had to try harder in order to succeed. Moreover, I have figured out that only successful people have the chance to enjoy their lives since they have faith in their skills and they never give up no matter what they face. Besides, I began to love myself more and accept the fact that I was born as woman for a certain reason as God never creates something by coincidence. Because I read this book when I had to deal with a lot of issues, it was and is still considered as a source of energy as it provided me with the needed positivity to accomplish what I had planned. As a matter of fact, when I figured out that this woman in the book of Dr. Nawal had to suffer because of complicated thoughts, I felt that she represents me and a lot of million women all over the world who have to face many problems to gain their rights. Moreover, this book let me know more about a lot of topics about which I didnt have a background. For example, I began to have ideas about different things like marriage, loyalty, human body, beauty and creativity. I also learned that I work not only to gain money but also to help people get the needed medications so that they could have healthier bodies. On the other hand, my creativity began to increase and I started to use my imagination to solve problems. Moreover, I learned that we all are humans and that we werent born as angels. T herefore, we commit mistakes and thats why we need to forgive each other. Since reading is one of the great pleasures in this world, I enjoyed reading Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book widened my thoughts about feminism and also enlightened my vision. As a matter of fact, I began to learn that feminism doesnt refer to makeup or high heels or having a great body. Instead, it indicates intelligence, beauty of the soul and having a smart brain. In other words, many people believe that feminism is a concept that involves being a lady in shape which is totally wrong. On the contrary, feminism is a term that indicates being a lady by being educated and sophisticated. Thats why I believe the Qatari society and the entire Arab society must change their point of view towards women. Therefore, instead of looking at their clothes or their bodies, they need to look through their minds. Like many families in Egypt, Qatari families adopt following the customs and traditions of the Arab society. These traditions are indicated in the fact that young girls must wear veil when they are not in their homes. Being an Arab woman living in Qatar, I was obliged to cover my head wherever I go. Furthermore, some Qatari families force their young daughters to quit school and get married to older men because they believe that women were created to achieve that purpose. Thats why I felt that this book has touched something in my heart and also because I had to experience what the writer had had to go through. Conclusion The book of Dr Nawal El Saadawi called Memoirs of a woman doctor provided me with a lot of information and thats why I began to change my thoughts and my views towards myself and the entire society. Therefore, I believe Arab societies especially the Qatari one have to change the way they view women. They also must encourage other organizations in order to offer women opportunities to improve their skills. Furthermore, women must not give up and form peaceful marches to defend their lives and their rights. By following these steps, women will be able to have equal life just as men and I will have the chance to accomplished all my plans and goals. I will also never regret because I was born as a woman. Instead, I will be proud of my femininity.

Altruism/Kin Selection

â€Å"Dream as if you’ll live forever, live as if you’ll die today (James Dean)! † By this being said ants and bees are there to protect and provide for the queen at any means necessary. This is where altruism and kin selection play a huge role in the lives of bee’s and ants. Kin selection and Altruism is equal with social insects to dominate many terrestrial habitats that they can hardly describe it as colony of organisms because the individuals appear to operate as a unit that is dedicated to the perpetuation and reproduction of the colony as a whole.Altruism and Kin selection vary in many ways. There are small colonies with only a few individuals and then there are some with thousands or even millions of individuals. Colonies may begin by single individual or by a large cohort of a parent colony. In some bee’s and ant colonies they are short lived or seasonal, but they may persist for many years. Bees and ants colonies consist of both sexes; howe ver, others are entirely females. Since the Hymenoptera (ants and bees) are haplodiploid, the diploid female produces from fertilized eggs and haploid males from unfertilized eggs (David C. Queller and Joan E. Strassmann). They have a society that is similar to one another when it comes to reproductive division of labor. The insects have only one or a few reproductive, called queens. The individual are workers that specialize in foraging, defending, and carrying for the young. However, they may or may not be morphologically distinct from the reproducing caste (Queller and Strassmann). Kin selection and altruism is widely important according to William D. Hamilton, he generalized it, quantified it, and was the first to argue that it was important.They formalize the obvious point that helping relatives is advantageous, whereas harming them is not. Basically it explains how to look over situations in which there are tradeoffs between help and harm, for instance like with the bees and a nts, they show helping manners rather than harming. Ants and bees know when to aid one relative at the expense of another. Instead of having the mentality of being on there own all the time, having to look over their shoulder 24/7. They have always made an interesting challenge to our evolving notion and social insects are highly altruistic.Altruism is sensational, when a worker bee commits suicide in stinging an adversary (Turner J. Scott). The hordes of sterile workers that help others come from their parents or occasionally siblings that reproduce in their stead. Darwin thinks that treating altruism as a subterfuge will advance the genetic of the insects to interest of altruist. Interplay between kin selection theory and Altruism has been very complex. Now with bees and ants, altruistic behavior is favored by genetic peculiarity called haplodiploidy. Which means; the parental genes are transmitted differently into male and female offspring.Haplodiploidy skews the genetic relation ships between parents and siblings in a way that favors altruism (Scott). Bees that work can most effectively transmit her genes to the future generations not by producing her own offspring though. However, it forces her mother to produce sisters for her. Bee colonies are single fertile queens as well as ants and the hordes of the sterile, we cannot forget about the female workers either. The production of a few fertile females and drones follow from the genetic peculiarity (Manojkumar, Ramteke, and Gupta Santosh K. ).Kin selection operates in the organisms other than altruism, has an important goal to include all of the organisms in a common explanatory framework. It has the theory that predicts that colony mates must be related and that sterility must be conditionally expressed. In some insects, for instance, the ant in particular, colonies are founded by numerous unrelated queens. Since they collaborate often in the face of brood stealing by other colonies and in rearing a larger initial worker force, which is crucial for the early survival of the colony (Wenseleers, Tom, Adam G. Hart, and Francis L. W. Ratnieks). Then the workers that emerge, cooperation among the queens usually ends and all killed except one, either by their rivals or by workers. If the queen has some type of probability of being the sole survivor, queens that has direct benefits is more mutualistic than altruistic. Being that no altruistic sacrifice requiring kin selection takes place and each queen takes a calculated risk in trying to become the sole queen of a large successful colony.The queens that are not related fight for control of the nest and workers force. These fights are very intense and end in the death of all but one queen. A great challenge to the central prediction of kin selection is posted by ants, called unicolonial ants, which are characterized by huge colonies, many queens, and little aggression within a network of interconnected nests that are probably formed by budd ing. Even though so little kin selection is possible, unless individuals can distinguish close kin from random colony mates, altruism might be maintained.This is so workers in these species are too specialized to revert to a reproductive role. With zero relatedness, traits of nonreproductive workers lose all heritability and workers traits can no longer evolve adaptively (Queller and Strassmann). For kin selection to produce a sterile caste it’s genes for sterility must either be expressed conditionally or have low penetrance. A sterility gene that is always expressed never gets reproduced even if it indirectly. This is so any relatives with the gene are also sterile.However, a sterility gene expressed only in poorly fed females causes them to help well-fed relatives, which can then transmit their unexpressed sterility genes is a prime example of evolving under kin selection (Queller and Strassmann). Queenship in stingless bees is thought to be because of heterozygosity, whic h is a special mechanism that is consistent with altruism. The most shocking support for kin selection from of any organism comes from the studies of sex ratio. Sex ratio equilibrium occurs when the number of males and females are equal.The relatedness does not cancel if the sex ratio is controlled by workers in the ants or bees, whose haplodiploid genetic system generates peculiar pattern (Queller and Strassmann). Most colonies that are headed by a single mated queen, workers can allocate their effort between two kinds of reproductive. One is a female who are full sister, related by 0. 75, and males who are brothers that are related by 0. 25. Then there is the reproductive males and females who are equally costly to produce. This theory is predicted by a population equilibrium at three reproductive female for every reproductive male (Queller and Strassmann).Being that the ratio is an equilibrium the average male has three fold reproductive advantage over the average female, which a n advantage that is exactly balanced from the worker point of view by the fact that a brother carries only one third of as many worker genes as a sister. Males and females are not equally costly the same conclutions hold for ratio of investments because the queen controls the investment, which mean the equilibrium is a 1:1 investment ratio. Whereas, under the workers control the equilibrium investment ratio is 3:1, therefore this provided the females reared are full sisters.Haplodiploid hypothesis has been so influential that it is sometimes confused with the much more general theory of kin selection itself (Queller and Strassmann). Meanwhile, the decline has sometimes led to the misimpression that kin selection theory has been proven inadequate. Many female Hymenoptera have the abilities that could make them effective workers. There are many ways in which groups of individuals can organize their work synergistically as a rule; this synergism must evolve after cooperation has been i nitiated for other reasons.There is an exception that might arise if a female is in a poor condition and is unable to function well as reproductive but are still able function well as helpers provides better defense against predators. Two stings might be more than twice as effective as in one. Kin Selection and Altruism play a huge roll in ants and bees colonies to help them survive longer and to keep the colony running as long as it does. Without these bees and ants probably would not last more than a few weeks.

Aristotle View on Happiness Essay

People have defined happiness as some kind of good of a human being. In Nicomachean Ethics: Book I, Aristotle defines happiness as the activity of living well, which in the Greek word is called eudaimonia. He tends to think that happiness is how we balance and moderate our lives to seek the highest pleasures, which he calls maintaining the mean. In the following excerpt from Book I, Aristotle talks about how happiness presumably consists in attaining some good or set of goods. â€Å"Now goods have been divided into three classes, and some are described as external, others as relating to soul or to body; we call those that relate to soul most properly and truly goods, and psychical actions and activities we class as relating to soul† (Book I pg. 7). He is saying that since happiness consists in attaining some good that there are three different types of goods that you can attain; an external goods, which consists of wealth or honor, goods of the body, which is health or physical strength, and lastly goods of the soul, which consists of knowledge, education, and friendship. Aristotle goes on to say how only certain goods are necessary for happiness. â€Å"It is correct also in that we identify the end with certain actions and activities; for thus it falls among goods of the soul and not among external goods. Another belief which harmonizes with our account is that the happy man lives well and does well; for we have practically defined happiness as a sort of good life and good action† (Book I pg. 7). He is saying that only certain goods such as health are the necessary preconditions for happiness and that other goods such as wealth is just something extra that help fill out a good life for a virtuous person, but the possession of virtue or excellence is the element of happiness. Aristotle also adds that humans seek different goods that make them happy compared to animals because humans have a rational capacity that when exercised perfects our natures as human beings. â€Å"It is natural, then, that we call neither ox nor horse nor any other of the animals happy; for none of them is capable of sharing in such activity† (Book I pg. 9). To obtain happiness, humans need to acquire certain necessary goods and external goods to reach happiness. For Aristotle, happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses the totality of one’s life. He claims that happiness is the end which meets all requirements of life. In the end, happiness awaits for those who go out and take it.

What is History Essay - 792 Words

What is History? The definition of history, is a question which has sparked international debate for centuries between the writers, readers, and the makers of history. In the words of acclaimed historian Edward Gibbon, History is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind. A more romantic view on the subject was taken by Cicero. He said, History is the witness that testifies the passing of time. It illuminates reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance of daily life and brings us tidings of antiquity History, described in the simplest of terms, can be seen as a record of events that have occurred in the past that the historian has taken the trouble to document. It is the†¦show more content†¦There is of course the argument, that even primary source evidence can be somewhat tainted. Propaganda by rulers and governments has been used a major tool to promote popularity amongst their people. For example, in Russia at the turn of the century w riters who wrote critically about the internal affairs of government were censured, persecuted and sometimes imprisoned or executed. In 1537 to 1574, The massive censorship exercised by Cosimo I de’ Medici of Florence precipitated a decline in historiography in Florence. The extreme wealth and power of the Medici family extended even further into the art of the Renaissance period and their depiction was prevalent as saintly figures in the works of these artists. Fear of persecution could drive an otherwise intelligent scholar to be biased and one sided. Even today bias and prejudice is apparent in the accounting of daily events in newspapers and television. The events revealed to the public are those which the editor or director chooses to be relevant. The Daily Telegraph for example, is widely perceived as being supportive of the Tories. In the world of films we never read ‘this is a true story’ in the credits but that it is ‘based on a true storyâ⠂¬â„¢. The director, has used artistic licence to inject either a romantic orShow MoreRelatedWhat Is History?3198 Words   |  13 Pagesat pagsama-samahin ito para makabuo ng tala ng kasaysayan. Si Thucydides naman ay nagsasagawa ng mga panayam sa mga taong may kinalaman sa pangyayari. Ngayon, para pag-aralan ang kasaysayan, ang historyador ay naghahanap ng ebidensya ukol sa history, pag-aaralan and ebidensya na ito, unawain ang epekto ng ebidensya na ito sa kasaysayan ng pinag-aaralan. 4. Kailan naging disiplina ang kasaysayan? Noong panahon nila Herodotus, historyador and tawag sa kanila dahil ang pagsulat ng kasaysayanRead MoreWhat Is Social History?1504 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Social History? Take 2 Social History is a vast term that very closely ties into the concept of history as a whole. 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